spdep - Spatial Dependence: Weighting Schemes, Statistics
A collection of functions to create spatial weights matrix
objects from polygon 'contiguities', from point patterns by
distance and tessellations, for summarizing these objects, and
for permitting their use in spatial data analysis, including
regional aggregation by minimum spanning tree; a collection of
tests for spatial 'autocorrelation', including global 'Morans
I' and 'Gearys C' proposed by 'Cliff' and 'Ord' (1973, ISBN:
0850860369) and (1981, ISBN: 0850860814), 'Hubert/Mantel'
general cross product statistic, Empirical Bayes estimates and
'Assunção/Reis' (1999)
<doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990830)18:16%3C2147::AID-SIM179%3E3.0.CO;2-I>
Index, 'Getis/Ord' G ('Getis' and 'Ord' 1992)
<doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x> and multicoloured join
count statistics, 'APLE' ('Li 'et al.' )
<doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2007.00708.x>, local 'Moran's I',
'Gearys C' ('Anselin' 1995)
<doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x> and 'Getis/Ord' G
('Ord' and 'Getis' 1995)
<doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x>, 'saddlepoint'
approximations ('Tiefelsdorf' 2002)
<doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2002.tb01084.x> and exact tests for
global and local 'Moran's I' ('Bivand et al.' 2009)
<doi:10.1016/j.csda.2008.07.021> and 'LOSH' local indicators of
spatial heteroscedasticity ('Ord' and 'Getis')
<doi:10.1007/s00168-011-0492-y>. The implementation of most of
these measures is described in 'Bivand' and 'Wong' (2018)
<doi:10.1007/s11749-018-0599-x>, with further extensions in
'Bivand' (2022) <doi:10.1111/gean.12319>. 'Lagrange' multiplier
tests for spatial dependence in linear models are provided
('Anselin et al'. 1996) <doi:10.1016/0166-0462(95)02111-6>, as
are 'Rao' score tests for hypothesised spatial 'Durbin' models
based on linear models ('Koley' and 'Bera' 2023)
<doi:10.1080/17421772.2023.2256810>. From 'spdep' and
'spatialreg' versions >= 1.2-1, the model fitting functions
previously present in this package are defunct in 'spdep' and
may be found in 'spatialreg'.
